Purpose: To investigate the barriers to share Persian name authorities in the Virtual International Authority FILE (VIAF) based on National Library and Archives of Iran (NLAI) data.Methodology: Using survey, name authority experts in NLAI were interviewed to realize the barriers to share name authority data in VIAF. Then using qualitative content analysis, 699 name authority records were selected by stratified random sampling and analyzed for being shared in VIAF.Results: According to name authority experts of NLAI, it is necessary to share NLAI data in VIAF. However, there are some barriers in human resources, management, research and education, software, hardware and data validity. Investigating NLAI name authority sample data indicated that: 1) there is no link between name authorities’ database and bibliographic records, 2) differences in spelling similar names may be a problem for retrieving, 3) Almost half of NLAI name authority records are incomplete 4) There are more than one authorizd name record for a single author name, 5) Only 50% of NLAI name authorities matched to the Library of Congress Name Authority FILE.Conclusion: It is essential to optimize and correct NLAI name authorities in order to be shared in VIAF.

Textbooks play a pivotal role in language learning classrooms. The problem is that among a wide range of textbooks in market which is appropriate for a specific classroom and a group of learners. In order to evaluate ELT textbooks theorists and writers have offered different kinds of evaluative frameworks based on a number of principles and criteria. This study evaluates a series of ELT textbook, namely, American English FILE by the use of Littlejohn’s (1998) evaluative framework to see what explicit features of the book are, what pedagogic values it has, whether it is in line with its claimed objectives, and what its merits and demerits are. Littlejohn believes that we should evaluate a textbook based on its own pedagogic values and we should see what is in it not what teacher and evaluators think must exist in it. Consequently his framework is claimed to be devoid of any impressionistic ideas and it is in-depth and objective rather than being subjective. Nine ELT experts and ten ELT teachers helped the researcher rate the evaluative checklists. The results of the study show that although a number of shortcomings and drawbacks were found in American English FILE, it stood up reasonably well to a detailed and in-depth analysis and that its pedagogic values and positive attributes far out-weighed its shortcomings. The internal consistency between ratings was computed via the statistical tool of Cronbach’s alpha that indicated a desirable inter-rater reliability.

There are many jurisprudential rules in the sources of the Islamic jurisprudence [fiqh], but they do not find available ground to be produced clearly in the area of jurisprudence. This ground may show the constitution of the new fields occurring and appearing on the area of the actual state. That emanates from the fact that these rules cannot form any meaning or entity without true happening or taking place. That is to say, we cannot understand such rules and discover them, and put them on the table for jurisprudential discussion and research unless we see their occurrence and practical application with which the rules are related. Anyhow, this does not oppose the fact that such rules have roots in jurisprudence and are spoken by jurisprudents within their talks.Undoubtedly, we can say that the area (or space) alloted for the environment is considered one of these areas which have their own specific rules, so we will mention some of these rules through this research.This paper attempts to concentrate on some important jurisprudential rules which we could move on their basis, on the purpose of making serious dealing with the main issues of the environment.

Objective: This study aimed to compare the fracture resistance of human mandibular premolar roots after instrumentation with different nickel–titanium (NiTi) rotary systems. Methods: Forty extracted human mandibular premolars were decoronated and randomly assigned to four groups (n=10). Group 1 served as an uninstrumented control, while Groups 2–4 were prepared using different NiTi rotary systems according to the manufacturers’ protocols: One Curve (OC) single-FILE system (Group 2), XP-Endo Shaper (XPS) single-FILE system (Group 3), and ProTaper NEXT (PTN) multi-FILE system (Group 4). All instrumented canals were obturated with gutta-percha and AH Plus sealer using the lateral compaction technique. Vertical fracture resistance was then tested with a universal testing machine. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test (α=0.05). Results: ANOVA revealed a significant difference in fracture resistance among the groups (P=0.005). The control group (402 ± 115.93 N) showed significantly higher mean fracture resistance compared to all instrumented groups (P < 0.05). Among the instrumented groups, XPS (304 ± 37.47 N) had the highest mean fracture resistance, followed by OC (291 ± 78.37 N) and PTN (288 ± 50.50 N), but these differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Root canal instrumentation with both single-FILE and multi-FILE NiTi rotary systems significantly reduced fracture resistance compared to uninstrumented roots. There was no significant difference in fracture resistance between the single-FILE and multi-FILE systems, indicating that the single-FILE approach does not provide an advantage in preserving root strength.

ln spite of the importance and significance of the environment for the human being the Islamic heritage does not give it broad specific space of details and viewing. Anyhow, it is given great care for its applications and elements, and many texts and instructions for protecting it are written, and warning against its corruption is given. Yet, some details and clarifications have been made separately, and in different periods of time. Of course, great concern and care have been directed to the practical application side and action instead of giving the comprehensive viewing for it, because the issue of its application is considered more significant. The other reason, is that the correction of the destructive and harmful conduct to the environment does not concern those having specific scientific or professional speciality, but it concerns all the members of the society, particulary, when the problem of pollution of the air and destruction of the other elements of the environment which concern all the strata of the society, whether they are individuals, groups, associations, institutions, administrations, managements or government, as it is social or society and national issue.It is very important to submit this subject for study and discussion, because of the presence of the world, regional, and national great interest and concern for the environment. Moreover, it is so because of the constitution and the establishment of many ministries and institutions, as well as holding many conferences and seminars, and issuing and publishing many journals and magazines, concerning the protection and safeguarding of the environment.After all, the prospective results and findings of the studies and researches which are to be submitted and discussed have two objectives:1- The first objective is moral and spiritual which is the origination and finding the scientific evidence for the preceding concern and care of the Muslims for the environment without need to find frank expression of the special technical term of it, and forbidding spoiling and corrupting it by means of pollution, in addition to the constitution of the institutions for safeguarding it, like the institution of (Al-Hasbah), and the region of protectorates, and encouraging plantations, farming, and other necessary things.2- The second objective is practical: It is giving Shar‘I ruling for either protecting it or corrupting it.

In spite of the quintessential significance to integrate language and culture, there have been few attempts to investigate the cultural elements of English teaching textbooks based on a valid framework. Consequently, the purpose of this exploratory study was to describe how culture has been addressed in the second edition of six textbooks of American English FILE Series (Latham-Koenig, Oxenden, & Boyle, 2013), taught in the private institutes in Iran. To this end, a model of cultural patterns, developed by Zarei and Khalessi (2011), was utilized to analyze the content of the series. The model has four constituents of value, norm, institution, and artifact. Overall, the results indicated that textbooks are artifacts which are strongly grounded in cultural assumptions and biases. Moreover, results revealed that these instructional materials are filled with cultural values unique to the Western world, the most prevalent of which include girlfriend-boyfriend relationship, consumerism, lack of studying, Western music, artifacts, lack of trust between the couples, rate of divorce and break-up, and inculcation of Western culture. It is concluded that textbooks are carriers of cultural values that not only transfer knowledge but also inculcate the cultural values of the native speakers of that language. Therefore, the role of the English teachers in prompting intercultural competence is to preserve the Iranian cultural heritage and values and make a balance between the integration of culture and language.

Authorization systems are an important part of security systems that are responsible for protecting resources. With the increasing number of users in organizations, managing the authorization infrastructure has become increasingly time-consuming and error-prone and misconfiguration of policies has reduced the effectiveness of these systems. Researchers recommend dynamic access control methods as an effective way to issue licenses in these systems. Since the sources of decision making in these methods are the defined policies and user records, there are no special restrictions for new users and these methods face the problem of cold start. In this paper, to solve this limitation, the concepts of trust and I-SHARING are used, and a new method for improving the Self-Aaptive Authorization Framework (SAAF) called ISAAF is presented. ISAAF is a framework for self-adaptive control of authorization systems using the MAPE-K autonomous reference model, which estimates the trust of new users using the trust of users with whom they have common features. I-SHARING gr